To become a substance abuse counselor in Vermont, you need a bachelor’s degree or higher, 4,000 hours of supervised experience (approximately three years), and you must pass the IC&RC ADC exam. As of May 2024, Vermont counselors earn a median annual salary of $60,410, with counselors in the Burlington area earning a median salary of $65,990.
Table of Contents
- Vermont’s Addiction Crisis: Why Counselors Are Needed Now
- 4 Steps to Becoming a Certified Substance Abuse Counselor in Vermont
- Advanced LADC Certification: The Master’s Level Path
- Education Pathways: Finding the Right Degree Program
- Vermont Substance Abuse Counselor Salary and Career Outlook
- Job Opportunities for Substance Abuse Counselors in Vermont
- Total Cost to Become a Counselor in Vermont
- Frequently Asked Questions
Vermont faces one of the most severe opioid crises in the nation. The connection between prescription painkillers and heroin has created a devastating cycle affecting communities across the Green Mountain State. For those called to help, becoming a certified substance abuse counselor offers a meaningful career path with strong job growth and competitive salaries.
Vermont’s comprehensive approach to addressing substance use disorders has created significant demand for qualified counselors. The state offers clear certification pathways through the Office of Professional Regulation, with options for both entry-level and advanced practitioners.
Vermont’s Addiction Crisis: Why Counselors Are Needed Now
Prescription painkillers and heroin share more biochemical similarities than most people realize. Both are opioids that act on the same brain receptors, which explains why Vermont’s opioid crisis has been particularly devastating. When prescription painkillers became harder to obtain, many individuals turned to heroin as a more accessible alternative.
The numbers tell a sobering story. According to the Vermont Department of Health, the state has consistently ranked among those with the highest rates of drug overdose deaths per capita. The opioid epidemic has touched families in every corner of the state, from Burlington to rural communities in the Northeast Kingdom.
This crisis has created an urgent demand for qualified substance abuse counselors. These professionals are essential to providing the necessary support and treatment to individuals struggling with addiction. With the increasing prevalence of opioid use disorder and related overdose deaths, there’s a significant need for counselors who can offer effective interventions, counseling, and support services.
Becoming a certified substance abuse counselor in Vermont puts you in a unique position to support individuals on their journey to recovery. Vermont’s comprehensive approach to tackling substance use disorders highlights the critical need for skilled and compassionate counselors.
4 Steps to Becoming a Certified Substance Abuse Counselor in Vermont
The Secretary of State’s Office of Professional Regulation (OPR) is the state agency responsible for certifying substance abuse counselors in the state of Vermont. Based on experience and education, counselors in the state can earn the following designations:
- Apprentice Addiction Professional (AAP)
- Certified Alcohol & Drug Abuse Counselor (ADC)
- Licensed Alcohol & Drug Abuse Counselor (LADC)
For aspiring professionals at the beginning of their journey, becoming a Certified Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselor (ADC) is the primary goal. This certification allows you to practice independently and provides a strong foundation for career advancement.
1. Earn a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher in Substance Abuse Counseling or a Related Field
Vermont requires a minimum of a bachelor’s degree to become an ADC. Your degree should be in substance abuse counseling, addiction studies, psychology, social work, or a closely related field. The degree provides essential theoretical knowledge about addiction, treatment modalities, ethics, and counseling techniques.
If you already have a bachelor’s degree in an unrelated field, you can still pursue this career. You may need to complete additional coursework in addiction counseling fundamentals. Many Vermont colleges offer certificate programs specifically designed for individuals seeking to transition into substance abuse counseling.
For those just starting their education, consider Vermont institutions offering relevant programs:
- University of Vermont offers psychology and social work programs with addiction counseling emphases
- Champlain College provides human services degrees with substance abuse tracks
- Community College of Vermont offers flexible associate degrees that can transfer to four-year programs
Online programs from regionally accredited institutions are also accepted by Vermont’s OPR, making education accessible for working adults. Always verify that online programs are regionally accredited before enrolling.
2. Complete 4,000 Hours of Supervised Experience
Vermont requires 4,000 hours of supervised work experience in substance abuse counseling, which typically takes about three years of full-time work. This extensive supervision period ensures you develop practical skills under the guidance of experienced professionals.
During these hours, you’ll need to demonstrate competency in the 12 core functions of substance abuse counseling, including:
- Screening and intake assessment
- Treatment planning and case management
- Individual and group counseling
- Crisis intervention and referral
- Client education and documentation
- Professional and ethical responsibilities
Your supervisor must be an LADC with at least two years of experience. Supervision sessions typically occur on a weekly or bi-weekly basis and focus on case review, skill development, and professional growth. Vermont OPR requires adequate ongoing supervision throughout your 4,000 practice hours to ensure you develop competency in all 12 core functions.
Many aspiring counselors begin accumulating hours as Apprentice Addiction Professionals (AAP), an entry-level credential that allows supervised practice. The AAP designation requires only a high school diploma, making it an accessible starting point for those exploring the field while pursuing their bachelor’s degree.
3. Apply for ADC Certification Through Vermont OPR
Once you’ve completed your education and accumulated the required experience hours, you can apply for ADC certification through the Vermont OPR’s online licensing system. The application process requires:
- Official transcripts proving your bachelor’s degree
- Documentation of your 4,000 supervised experience hours
- Signed the Supervisor Report form verifying competency in the 12 core functions
- Application fee (approximately $260, subject to change)
- Criminal background check clearance
Processing typically takes 4-6 weeks once all required materials have been submitted. The OPR reviews your application to ensure you meet all education and experience requirements before authorizing you to sit for the certification exam.
Important: Requirements can change. Always verify current application procedures and fees with the Vermont Office of Professional Regulation before submitting your application.
4. Take and Pass the IC&RC ADC Exam
Vermont uses the International Certification & Reciprocity Consortium (IC&RC) Alcohol and Drug Counselor (ADC) exam. This standardized test consists of 150 multiple-choice questions that cover core competencies in addiction counseling.
The exam fee typically ranges from $150 to $300, depending on your IC&RC Member Board and testing location. Many counselors find exam preparation courses helpful, which usually cost between $200 and $400. These courses review key concepts and provide practice questions that mirror the actual exam format.
Key exam content areas include:
- Screening, assessment, and treatment planning
- Counseling theories and intervention strategies
- Pharmacology of psychoactive substances
- Professional ethics and boundaries
- Case management and referral processes
- Documentation and record-keeping
Once you pass the exam, you’ll receive your ADC certification and can begin practicing independently as a substance abuse counselor in Vermont. Your certification must be renewed every two years, which requires completing 40 hours of continuing education.
Advanced LADC Certification: The Master’s Level Path
The Licensed Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselor (LADC) credential represents the highest level of substance abuse counselor certification in Vermont. This advanced designation opens doors to clinical supervision roles, private practice, and higher earning potential.
To become an LADC in Vermont, you’ll need:
- Master’s degree or higher in counseling, social work, psychology, or related field
- 2,000 hours of post-degree supervised experience in substance abuse counseling
- 100 hours of direct clinical supervision focused on advanced competencies
- Passing score on the IC&RC Advanced Alcohol and Drug Counselor (AADC) exam
The LADC path is ideal for counselors who want to provide clinical supervision to other counselors, open their own practice, or specialize in complex cases involving co-occurring disorders. Many ADCs pursue their master’s degree while working, taking advantage of online programs that accommodate full-time employment.
Vermont recognizes master’s degrees from CACREP-accredited counseling programs and CSWE-accredited social work programs. While not strictly required in Vermont, CACREP (Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs) and CSWE (Council on Social Work Education) accreditation ensures your education meets national standards recognized across states. This is particularly important if you plan to pursue licensure in another state through IC&RC reciprocity or seek advanced independent practice credentials, such as Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC).
The advantage of the LADC credential is clear. While it requires additional education and training, it significantly reduces the required supervised experience hours. 4,00 to 2,0000) and positions you for advanced practice roles with higher compensation.
Education Pathways: Finding the Right Degree Program
Vermont offers multiple educational pathways to becoming a substance abuse counselor, allowing you to choose the route that best fits your circumstances and career goals.
Associate Degree Route: Getting Started
Important: An associate degree alone does NOT qualify you for ADC certification in Vermont. ADC requires a minimum of a bachelor’s degree. However, an associate degree allows you to work as an Apprentice Addiction Professional (AAP) while earning your bachelor’s degree and accumulating supervised hours.
Starting with an associate degree can be a strategic first step. Community College of Vermont offers affordable associate programs that transfer seamlessly to four-year institutions.
Associate degree graduates can work as Apprentice Addiction Professionals while completing their bachelor’s degree, allowing them to earn income and gain experience simultaneously. This pathway is beautiful for students who need to work while studying or who want to explore the field before committing to a four-year program.
Community College of Vermont
Accreditation: NECHE
Campus, Online
Associate Degrees
- AS in Behavioral Science with a focus area on Substance Use Disorders
This affordably priced course of study prepares students with the skills needed to become competent substance abuse counseling professionals. The program is offered in a convenient and flexible format, with the option of on-campus or online study. Grounded in the behavioral sciences and focused on the theories and practices related to treating substance abuse disorders, this program provides the ideal foundation for future research at the bachelor’s level.
Bachelor’s Degree Options: The Standard Path
A bachelor’s degree in substance abuse counseling, psychology, social work, or a related field provides the educational foundation for ADC certification. Vermont institutions offering relevant programs include:
- University of Vermont – Psychology, Social Work with addiction counseling emphases
- Champlain College – Human Services, Psychology with substance abuse tracks
- Castleton University – Social Work with clinical focus options
- Vermont Technical College – Health Science programs
Online bachelor’s programs from accredited institutions are also accepted, offering flexibility for working adults. Popular online options include programs from Southern New Hampshire University, Liberty University, and Purdue Global, all of which are regionally accredited and offer concentrations in substance abuse counseling.
Master’s Degree for LADC: Advanced Practice
Master’s-level education is required for LADC certification and positions counselors for advanced roles. Popular programs include the Master of Social Work (MSW), the Master of Arts in Clinical Mental Health Counseling, and the Master of Science in Addiction Counseling.
When selecting a master’s program, consider:
- CACREP accreditation for counseling programs
- CSWE accreditation for social work programs
- Availability of addiction-focused coursework and practicums
- Online vs. on-campus format based on your schedule
- Total program cost and financial aid availability
Online master’s programs have become increasingly popular among working counselors, with many schools offering asynchronous coursework that fits around professional schedules. These programs typically take 2-3 years to complete while working full-time.
Certificate Programs for Career Changers
If you already have a bachelor’s degree in an unrelated field, certificate programs in addiction counseling can provide the specialized knowledge needed to enter the field. These programs typically take 9-18 months to complete and cover core competencies in addiction counseling.
Certificate programs are ideal for professionals transitioning from fields such as nursing, education, or human services who want to specialize in addiction counseling without pursuing a new degree.
Vermont Substance Abuse Counselor Salary and Career Outlook
Substance abuse counselors in Vermont earn competitive salaries that reflect the critical nature of their work. According to the most recent data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of May 2024, counselors in Vermont earn a median annual salary of $60,410.
| Experience Level | Annual Salary (May 2024) |
|---|---|
| Entry-Level (10th Percentile) | $45,960 |
| Early Career (25th Percentile) | $52,890 |
| Mid-Career (Median) | $60,410 |
| Experienced (75th Percentile) | $67,670 |
| Highly Experienced (90th Percentile) | $80,480 |
Geographic Salary Differences Within Vermont
Salaries vary by location within Vermont. The Burlington-South Burlington metropolitan area, as Vermont’s largest urban center, offers slightly higher compensation than rural areas:
- Burlington-South Burlington Metro Area: Median salary of $65,990 (May 2024)
- Statewide (including rural areas): Median salary of $60,410 (May 2024)
- Rural Vermont: Salaries typically range from $50,000-$58,000, but often include loan forgiveness incentives
The higher cost of living in the Burlington area is offset by the approximately $5,500 higher median salary. However, rural counselors often benefit from loan forgiveness programs that can be worth $20,000 to $50,000 over several years of service.
Factors Affecting Salary in Vermont
Several factors influence substance abuse counselor salaries in Vermont:
- Credential Level: LADC-certified counselors typically earn 15-25% more than ADC-certified counselors, with median salaries in the $70,000-$85,000 range
- Education: Master’s degree holders command higher salaries than bachelor’s degree holders, even at the same credential level
- Experience: Counselors with 5+ years of experience earn significantly more than entry-level professionals, with 10+ years of experience reaching top salary ranges
- Work Setting: Private practice and hospital-based counselors often earn more than community health center staff
- Specialization: Counselors with certifications in trauma-informed care, medication-assisted treatment, or co-occurring disorders may command premium salaries
- Supervision Responsibilities: Clinical supervisors typically earn $5,000-$15,000 more annually than direct service counselors
Job Growth and Demand
The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects a 19% growth in substance abuse counselor jobs nationally through 2030, significantly faster than the average growth rate for all occupations. Vermont’s specific needs are likely to exceed this national average due to the ongoing opioid crisis and rural workforce shortages.
Vermont employed 1,150 substance abuse counselors. As older counselors retire and treatment capacity expands, job opportunities are expected to increase steadily throughout the decade. The state’s Department of Health has identified substance abuse counseling as a critical workforce need, particularly in rural areas.
Key drivers of job growth in Vermont include:
- Ongoing opioid and fentanyl crisis requiring expanded treatment capacity
- Growing recognition of addiction as a chronic disease requiring professional treatment
- Expansion of medication-assisted treatment programs
- Integration of substance abuse counseling into primary care settings
- Criminal justice reform initiatives prioritizing treatment over incarceration
Job Opportunities for Substance Abuse Counselors in Vermont
Vermont offers diverse employment opportunities for substance abuse counselors across various settings and geographic areas. The state’s commitment to addressing addiction has created positions in urban centers, rural communities, and everything in between.
Employment Settings
Substance abuse counselors in Vermont work in multiple environments:
- Community Mental Health Centers: Organizations like Howard Center in Burlington and Clara Martin Center in Randolph provide comprehensive outpatient treatment
- Residential Treatment Facilities: Inpatient programs offer intensive 24/7 care for severe addiction cases
- Hospital-Based Programs: University of Vermont Medical Center and other hospitals maintain addiction medicine units
- Correctional Facilities: Vermont’s prison system employs counselors to work with incarcerated individuals
- Private Practice: LADC-certified counselors can establish independent practices
- Telehealth Services: Remote counseling has expanded significantly, particularly serving rural areas
- Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) Clinics: Facilities providing buprenorphine and methadone treatment programs
Major Employers in Vermont
Key employers of substance abuse counselors in Vermont include:
- Howard Center (Burlington area) – Vermont’s largest mental health and substance abuse treatment organization
- Counseling Service of Addison County (Middlebury) – Comprehensive community-based treatment
- Clara Martin Center (Randolph) – Serving central Vermont with inpatient and outpatient care
- United Counseling Service (Bennington) – Southern Vermont’s primary treatment provider
- Northwestern Counseling & Support Services (St. Albans) – Serving Franklin and Grand Isle counties
- Vermont Department of Corrections – Multiple facilities statewide
- Brattleboro Retreat – Specialized addiction and mental health treatment
- Centerpoint Adolescent Treatment Services (South Burlington) – Youth-focused programs
Geographic Opportunities and Rural Practice
While Burlington offers the highest concentration of counseling positions, opportunities exist throughout Vermont. Rural communities often face critical shortages of qualified counselors, leading to widespread use of loan forgiveness programs and recruitment incentives in these areas.
The Northeast Kingdom, in particular, has faced challenges recruiting substance abuse counselors despite high need. State and federal loan forgiveness programs specifically target counselors willing to serve in designated shortage areas, offering up to $50,000 in loan repayment over a two-year period of service.
Rural practice offers unique rewards:
- Lower cost of living compared to the Burlington area
- Significant loan forgiveness opportunities through NHSC and state programs
- Opportunity to make a substantial impact in underserved communities
- Often, closer relationships with clients and community stakeholders
- Broader scope of practice with exposure to diverse cases
Total Cost to Become a Counselor in Vermont
Understanding the total investment required to become a substance abuse counselor helps you plan financially and explore funding options. Here’s a realistic cost breakdown for Vermont residents:
Education Costs
Associate Degree (Optional Starting Point):
- Community College of Vermont: $8,000-$12,000 total (in-state)
- Books and materials: $1,500-$2,000
- Total: $9,500-$14,000
Bachelor’s Degree (Required for ADC):
- University of Vermont (in-state): $60,000-$70,000 total (approximately $15,000-$17,500 per year)
- Vermont State Colleges: $40,000-$50,000 total, roughly $10,000-$12,500 per year)
- Online programs (out-of-state): $30,000-$60,000 total (roughly $8,000-$15,000 per year, depending on program)
- Books and materials: $2,000-$3,000
Note: Costs vary significantly by institution type and residency status. In-state public university tuition offers the best value for Vermont residents. These figures reflect tuition only and don’t include fees, room and board, or living expenses.
Master’s Degree (Required for LADC):
- In-state programs: $30,000-$45,000 total
- Online programs: $25,000-$50,000 total
- Books and materials: $1,500-$2,500
Certification and Exam Costs
- ADC application fee: approximately $260 (subject to change)
- IC&RC ADC exam: $150-$300 (varies by testing location and IC&RC Member Board)
- Exam preparation course (optional but recommended): $200-$400
- Background check: $50-$75
- LADC application fee (if pursuing): approximately $260
- IC&RC AADC exam (for LADC): $150-$300
Ongoing Professional Costs
- Biennial certification renewal: approximately $260 every two years
- Continuing education (40 hours per renewal): $500-$1,000 per cycle
- Professional liability insurance: $300-$600 annually
- Professional association membership (optional): $100-$200 annually
Financial Aid and Cost Reduction Strategies
Several options can significantly reduce your out-of-pocket costs:
- Federal Financial Aid: Complete the FAFSA for Pell Grants and student loans
- Vermont State Scholarships: Vermont Student Assistance Corporation offers need-based grants
- Employer Tuition Assistance: Many healthcare employers offer tuition reimbursement for employees pursuing addiction counseling degrees
- National Health Service Corps: Loan repayment up to $50,000 for working in designated shortage areas
- Vermont Loan Repayment Programs: State programs for healthcare workers in underserved areas
- Work-Study Programs: Earn money while accumulating supervised hours as an AAP
Frequently Asked Questions About Becoming a Substance Abuse Counselor in Vermont
Can I become a substance abuse counselor in Vermont with only a high school diploma?
You can work in the field as an Apprentice Addiction Professional (AAP) with only a high school diploma; however, this is an entry-level position that requires direct supervision and guidance. To become a fully certified ADC and practice independently, you’ll need at least a bachelor’s degree. The AAP pathway allows you to gain experience while pursuing your degree.
How long does it take to become a certified substance abuse counselor in Vermont?
The timeline depends on your starting point. If you’re beginning with a bachelor’s degree, expect a total of 6-7 years: 4 years for your degree and 3 years (4,000 hours) of supervised experience. If you already have a bachelor’s degree in a related field, you can complete certification in about 3 years while accumulating supervised hours.
Does Vermont accept IC&RC reciprocity from other states?
Vermont participates in the IC&RC reciprocity consortium, which means counselors certified through IC&RC exams in other states may be able to transfer their credentials. However, you’ll still need to apply through Vermont’s Office of Professional Regulation, complete a background check, and potentially fulfill additional state-specific requirements or training hours. Some states may also require an ethics exam or jurisprudence component specific to Vermont. Contact the OPR directly to determine your exact eligibility for reciprocity.
What’s the difference between ADC and LADC certification in Vermont?
ADC (Alcohol and Drug Counselor) requires a bachelor’s degree and 4,000 supervised hours. LADC (Licensed Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselor) requires a master’s degree and 2,000 post-degree supervised hours. LADC counselors can provide clinical supervision, bill insurance independently, and typically earn salaries 15-25% higher than those of other counselors. LADC represents the highest level of substance abuse counselor certification in the state of Vermont.
Can I work as a substance abuse counselor in Vermont with an online degree?
Yes, Vermont accepts degrees from regionally accredited online programs. The degree must be in substance abuse counseling, psychology, social work, or a closely related field. For master’s programs leading to LADC certification, CACREP accreditation (for counseling) or CSWE accreditation (for social work) is highly recommended. While not strictly required in Vermont, these accreditations ensure your education meets national standards and facilitates license portability if you later want to practice in another state. Always verify the program is regionally accredited before enrolling.
Do I need separate licensure to work in Vermont hospitals or private practice?
ADC certification allows you to work in most treatment settings, including hospitals, community health centers, and residential facilities. However, opening an independent private practice typically requires LADC certification (master’s level). Some insurance companies and hospital systems prefer or require LADC credentials for certain positions, particularly those involving clinical supervision.
What continuing education is required to maintain my Vermont certification?
Vermont requires substance abuse counselors to complete 40 hours of continuing education every two years to renew their certification. These hours must include specific topics, such as ethics (6 hours), substance abuse pharmacology, and clinical supervision training (for LADCs). Check the Vermont OPR website for current CE requirements and approved providers.
Can I specialize in specific populations or treatment approaches in Vermont?
Yes, Vermont counselors can pursue specialized certifications in areas like adolescent treatment, trauma-informed care, co-occurring disorders, or medication-assisted treatment (MAT). These specializations often come through additional training and certifications beyond your ADC or LADC. Specialization can increase your earning potential by $5,000 to $10,000 annually and make you more competitive for certain positions.
Are there loan forgiveness programs for substance abuse counselors in Vermont?
Yes, Vermont participates in several loan forgiveness programs for healthcare workers, including the National Health Service Corps and state-specific programs. Counselors working in designated Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs) may qualify for up to $50,000 in loan repayment assistance over two years. Eligibility requires working full-time at an NHSC-approved site, holding ADC or LADC certification, and employer participation in the program. Not all treatment facilities qualify as approved sites, so check the NHSC site locator tool before accepting a position if loan forgiveness is essential to you. The Vermont Department of Health maintains information about available programs for substance abuse counselors.
What’s the job outlook for substance abuse counselors in Vermont over the next decade?
The outlook is robust. Vermont continues to face significant substance use challenges, particularly with opioids and fentanyl. The state has made substantial investments in addiction treatment infrastructure, creating new positions for qualified counselors. Nationally, the Bureau of Labor Statistics projects 19% growth through 2030, and Vermont’s specific needs are likely to exceed this average due to the ongoing crisis and rural workforce shortages.
Can I provide telehealth counseling services in the state of Vermont?
Yes, Vermont allows licensed substance abuse counselors to provide telehealth services. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of telehealth, and many rural Vermont residents now access counseling remotely. You must be certified in Vermont to provide telehealth services to Vermont residents, even if you’re located elsewhere. LADC certification is typically required for an independent telehealth practice.
How does Vermont’s certification compare to neighboring states?
Vermont’s requirements are similar to those of neighboring states, such as New Hampshire and Massachusetts, which also require bachelor’s degrees and extensive supervised experience. Vermont’s 4,000-hour requirement is higher than that of some states (New York requires 2,000 hours), but Vermont offers IC&RC reciprocity, which makes it easier to practice across state lines. Vermont’s median salaries are competitive with those of neighboring states when adjusted for the cost of living.
Key Takeaways
- Vermont requires a bachelor’s degree, 4,000 supervised hours (typically 3 years), and passing the IC&RC ADC exam for certification as a substance abuse counselor
- Vermont counselors earned a median salary of $60,410 statewide in May 2024, with Burlington area counselors earning $65,990
- The LADC credential requires a master’s degree and offers access to clinical supervision roles, private practice, and salaries 15-25% higher than those in other fields.
- Vermont’s ongoing opioid crisis has created strong demand for qualified counselors, with 19% projected job growth through 2030, exceeding most occupations.
- Multiple pathways exist, including associate degrees, online programs, and certificate options, for career changers, with significant loan forgiveness programs available for those pursuing rural practice.
- The total investment ranges from $40,000 to $70,000 for a bachelor’s-level ADC certification, with numerous financial aid options and employer tuition assistance programs available.
Ready to Start Your Career as a Substance Abuse Counselor in Vermont?
Explore Vermont’s certification pathways, education programs, and career opportunities. Find the right path for your goals and make a difference in Vermont communities affected by addiction.
2024 US Bureau of Labor Statistics salary and employment figures for Substance Abuse, Behavioral Disorder, and Mental Health Counselors; Psychiatric Technicians (Substance Use Disorder Technicians); and Social and Human Service Assistants (Peer Recovery Specialists) reflect state and national data, not school-specific information. Conditions in your area may vary. Data accessed November 2025.
